jueves, 2 de agosto de 2018

Repeated and double comparative




REPEATED COMPARATIVES AND DOUBLE COMPARATIVES

En inglés existen los llamados repeated comparatives o comparativos repetidos. Se trata de una estructura que usamos para indicar que algo está cambiando (aumentando o disminuyendo). Veamos cómo se forman. 

AUMENTO
Se usan dos estructuras para indicar que algo aumenta: .... er and ..... er   more and more ..... que suelen aparecer con los verbos get y become.  

in English there are so-called repeated comparatives or repeated comparatives. It is a structure that we use to indicate that something is changing (increasing or decreasing). Let's see how they are formed.

INCREASE
Two structures are used to indicate that something increases: ... er and ..... er and more and more ..... that usually appear with the verbs get and become.



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Resultado de imagen para repeated and double comparative



1) ... er and ....er (cada vez más / más y más) 
Se utiliza con los adjetivos / adverbios cortos que ya explicamos en el post adjetivos comparativos. Añadimos -er al adjetivo para formar el adjetivo comparativo, a continuación la conjunción and y después, repetimos de nuevo el adjetivo comparativo → bigger and bigger, fatter and fatter, faster and faster

I'm getting older and older (cada vez me hago más mayor, me hago más y más mayor) 
Laptops are becoming cheaper and cheaper (los portátiles son cada vez más baratos, los portátiles se están volviendo más y más baratos) 
We are getting closer and closer (cada vez estamos más cerca)

2) more and more .... (cada vez más / más y más) 
Esta estructura se utiliza con:

Adjetivos largos o con adverbios. Basta con escribir more and more y añadir a continuación el adjetivo o el adverbio → more and more beautiful, more and more exciting

The situation is becoming more and more difficult (la situación cada vez se hace más difícil) 
Smartphones are getting more and more expensive (los teléfonos inteligentes son cada vez más caros)
We are going more and more slowly (cada vez vamos más lentos). 

Sustantivos (tanto contables como incontables). Basta con escribir more and more y añadir a continuación el sustantivo → more and more books, more and more children

(contable) More and more children use tablets in schools (cada vez son más los niños que usan tablets en el colegio)
(incontable) We waste more and more money on things we don't need (cada día gastamos más dinero en cosas que no necesitamos)

DESCENSO
Para indicar que algo disminuye podemos usar las estructuras: less and less.... y fewer and fewer...

1) less and less... (cada vez menos, menos y menos) 
Se utiliza con adjetivos y sustantivos incontables. Basta con añadir el adjetivo o sustantivo incontable tras la expresión less and less. 

As you get older, you become less and less flexible (a medida que te haces mayor, te vuelves menos y menos flexible / a medida que te haces mayor, pierdes flexibilidad) 

She needs less and less money everyday (ella cada día necesita menos dinero)
I have less and less time to cook (cada vez tengo menos tiempo para cocinar) 
2) fewer and fewer... (cada vez menos, menos y menos) 
Se utiliza con sustantivos contables. 
Fewer and fewer people get married now (cada vez se casa menos gente en la actualidad)
There are fewer and fewer fish in the sea (cada vez hay menos peces en el mar) 

The more education women get, the later they marry.
The less children studied, the more slowly they learned.
Resultado de imagen para repeated and double comparative


Verbs with stative and dynamic uses


STATIVE AND DYNAMIC VERBS
Verbs in English can be classified into two categories: stative verbs and dynamic verbs. Dynamic verbs (sometimes referred to as "action verbs") usually describe actions we can take, or things that happen; stative verbs usually refer to a state or condition which is not changing or likely to change. The difference is important, because stative verbs cannot normally be used in the continuous (BE + ING) forms. This will explain the differences between the two types of verb, and give lots of examples of each kind.

Los verbos en inglés se pueden clasificar en dos categorías: verbos estáticos y verbos dinámicos. Los verbos dinámicos (a veces denominados "verbos de acción") generalmente describen acciones que podemos realizar o cosas que suceden; los verbos estativos generalmente se refieren a un estado o condición que no está cambiando o que es probable que cambie. La diferencia es importante, porque los verbos estativos normalmente no se pueden usar en las formas continuas (BE + ING). Esto explicará las diferencias entre los dos tipos de verbos, y dará muchos ejemplos de cada tipo.
 Resultado de imagen para stative and dynamic verbs advanced exercisesResultado de imagen para stative and dynamic verbs advanced exercises
         

Dynamic verbs

There are many types of dynamic verbs, but most of them describe activities or events which can begin and finish. Here are some examples:
Hay muchos tipos de verbos dinámicos, pero la mayoría de ellos describen actividades o eventos que pueden comenzar y terminar. Aquí hay unos ejemplos:
Dynamic Verb          Type   Examples
play    activity           She plays tennis every Friday.
She's playing tennis right now.
melt    process          The snow melts every spring.
The snow is melting right now
hit       momentary action   When one boxer hits another, brain damage can result. (This suggests only ONE punch.)
Dynamic verbs, as you can see from the table above, can be used in the simple and perfect forms (plays, played, has played, had played) as well as the continuous or progressive forms (is playing, was playing, has been playing, had been playing).
Los verbos dinámicos, como se puede ver en la tabla anterior, se pueden usar en las formas simples y perfectas (jugadas, jugadas, jugadas, juegos) y formas continuas o progresivas (está jugando, estaba jugando, ha estado jugando , había estado jugando).

Stative verbs

Stative verbs usually refer to a state or condition which is quite static or unchanging. They can be divided into verbs of perception or cognition (which refer to things in the mind), or verbs of relation (which describe the relationships between things). Here are some examples:


Los verbos estativos generalmente se refieren a un estado o condición que es bastante estático o inmutable. Se pueden dividir en verbos de percepción o cognición (que se refieren a cosas en la mente), o verbos de relación (que describen las relaciones entre las cosas). Aquí hay unos ejemplos:


Ejemplos Examples of statives are:
want, know, have (when it means possession), think (when it means opinion), like, love, hate, need, prefer, agree, sound, hear disagree, wish, look (when it mean seem), smell, seem, include...
You cannot say:
  • I am knowing the truth.
  • I am liking pizza.
  • It is sounding like a great idea.
But you must say:
  • I know the truth.
  • I like pizza.
  • It sounds like a great idea.

Dynamic verbs

As opposed to a stative verb, a dynamic (or action) verb shows continued or progressive action on the part of the subject.
Examples of dynamic verbs (dynamic verbs) are:
act, build, complete, design, develop, draw, fix, gather, handle, head, help, improve, interview, introduce, justify, listen, lead, measure, narrate, negotiate, orchestrate, originate, outline, perform, persuade, predict, regulate, record, save, show, study, target, transform, travel, treat, uncover, unveil, use, validate, value, visualize, widen, write, zap, zoom...
These verbs can be used both in the simple and continuous forms.
  • Look at her! She is acting foolishly.
    OR
    She acts as a teacher in this movie.
  • The company is targeting young customers with this new product.
    OR
    We targeted a new market with that product.

Dynamic and stative

Some verbs can be both action verbs and dynamic verbs depending on their meaning:
1. Be
  • be = it is usually used as a stative verb - stative
    He's an excellent guitarist.
  • be = when it means behave or act, it can be used as a an action verb in the continuous form. - dynamic
    You are being silly.
2. Think
  • think = to express an opinion, to believe - stative
    I think it's a fantastic idea.
  • think = consider, to reason about or reflect on, ponder, to have or formulate in the mind - dynamic
    I am thinking about my friend
3. Have
  • have = to possess, to own - stative
    He has a beautiful car
  • have = when it doesn't mean own or possess - dynamic
    He's having lunch.
4. See
  • see = to perceive with the eye, to understand - stative
    I see what you mean.
  • see = to meet, to be in the company of, to escort, to attend - dynamic
    He's been seeing the same woman for eight years.
 Resultado de imagen para stative and dynamic verbs advanced exercisesResultado de imagen para stative and dynamic verbs advanced exercises